How Blogs Make Money

There are multiple ways that a blog can make money.  Below is a list of some of those ways, feel free to comment and add more.  (This article goes into more detail)

1. Advertising Programs
2. RSS Advertising
3. Sponsorship
4. Affiliate Programs
5. Digital Assets
6. Blog Networks
7. Business Blog Writing 
8. Non-blogging Writing
9. Donations
10. Flipping Blogs
11. Merchandising 
12. Consulting
13. Speaking Engagements 

Blogs as a Way for the Ill to Connect to the World

The parents of a five year old girl, Samantha, wrote a blog documenting her life struggling with childhood cancer. Her parents wrote the blog from Samantha's perspective, telling her story in a a voice and style that they guessed she would have written herself. It is remarkable that this little girl's story was followed by thousands of readers, and her recent death made the news. Samantha's parents were able to express their thoughts and try to relate to their daughter's emotions through this blog and it must have been therapeutic for them. The fact that their daughter touched so many people must have comforted them greatly. The ability to reach out with such ease and benefit from the support of so many - strangers and friends alike - is really a web difference.

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/04/23/ncancer123.xml

Lords of the Blog

One of my favorite new blogs is a blog created by members of Britain's House of Lords, admittedly one of the last places you might expect to generate a blog. The blog is just a few weeks old - it launched on March 16, 2008. With the exception of Lord Soley (whose personal blog inspired the new one), the Lords do not appear to have much experience with the blogosphere. It's clear that they don't quite know what belongs on this blog. Nonetheless, it's very entertaining to watch them try. You can, for instance, learn about Lord Norton's love of trains in his post listing "ten things about me," which ironically includes only nine items. Or, you can read Baronness Murphy's post about the peculiar hours of the House of Lords, in which she admits that she rarely stays long enough to vote, but credits herself for sitting through the entirety of the Health and Social Care Bill debate, except for a brief interlude when she left to get a sandwich because she had "the rumblies in the tumblies."

The Stresses of Blogging

In what is becoming a trend, Sunday's New York Times featured yet another article on blogging. As noted in a post on the class blog, the article is about the pressures of blogging and the resulting negative health effects. The story has been picked up by a number of other news outlets, including the Daily Mail, the Telegraph, and Wired. Notably, the main stream British papers have gone with the "death by blogging" angle, reporting that the death of two prominent American bloggers has been linked to the stress of updating their blogs. By contrast, the tech oriented site VNU takes the more moderate view that blogging can have harmful effects.

Is Blogging Journalism?

In some jurisdictions, journalists are afforded protections that allow them to keep their sources confidential. The general reasoning behind these "shield laws" is that to get true freedom of the press, the press must be able to gather information without their sources having a fear of being exposed.

But is blogging journalism? Should a blogger, with no professional association, be allowed to shield his sources from the government in the name of journalistic freedom? The American Law Reports defines a reporter as:

includ[ing] reporters, editors, journalists, newspersons, correspondents, photographers, authors, student newspaper persons, and also all entities that gather, obtain, write, edit, or otherwise prepare information for newspapers, magazines, publishers, radio, and television.

60 A.L.R.5th n.1 (1998). It seems that most bloggers would not fit into this category - the ones that just blog for their own purposes, and not for a news media. To me, it makes sense that they should not, presumptively, be given this privilege, however each blogger's case could be considered individually (judicial efficiency people are probably cringing right now!). It doesn't take much to set up a blog. Allowing blogs to fall under journalistic privilege may lead to easily accomplished abuses of the system. Bloggers could get all of the benefits and face none of the accountability that regular journalists face.

A judge on the court of In re Grand Jury Subpoena, Judith Miller, 438 F.3d 1141 (C.A.D.C., 2006) (Sentelle, concurring) contains a survey of how "shield laws" applied to bloggers as of 2006. Sentelle's view is that extending the privilege to bloggers sets a dangerous precedent because of the lack of professional responsibility that often goes along with a blog.

Traditional Media Wins South Africa's Country Blogs Awards

Call me ignorant, but I didn't even realize they had award ceremonies for blogs. I found it interesting that this year in South Africa's Blog Awards, 8 of the 22 categories, including the Best Blog category, were won by mainstream media companies. This made me think of JP's powerpoint presentation of the different media models he showed us in class yesterday. As much as mainstream media still retains its traditional "professional" model, do their high quality, engaging blogs change these media outlets in a fundamental manner? Are the 4 quadrants being blurred?

http://allafrica.com/stories/200804030663.html

Israeli Intelligence Agency Uses Blogs to Recruit

The Shin Bet, Israel's notorious spy agency known for its covert operations and elite status, has started using blogs in order to recruit personnel. Once, the only way individuals joined the Shin Bet was by knowing someone involved who got them connected to the right people. As technology has changed, however, the Shin Bet is spending more time on IT operations in order access information about people and they have a need for skilled IT personnel. They started a blog in which 4 agents write about their careers in the Shin Bet, and are basically advertising the agency by discussing how they are able to work on diverse projects, the place is family friendly, and they feel good serving their country. I guess the web difference affects even the most secretive, elite security agencies...
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080402.wshinbet02/BNStory/International/home

According to a New York Times article, popular bloggers are getting book deals with surprising frequency. The phenomenon lends some additional credence to Clay Shirky's claims about A-list bloggers in Power Laws, Weblogs, and Inequality (part of the reading for tomorrow's class). However, the Times article reports that books by bloggers do not necessarily sell many copies.

So to all the literary agents out there scanning blogs for talent, look no further! The meta-blog book would be a huge hit. Guaranteed!

Blogs and Politics

The major candidates in the upcoming election all have official blogs:
Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and John McCain.

Blogging seems like the norm for these candidates, but I wonder, are there any differences between the blogs? The layout of Barack Obama's and Hillary Clinton's blogs are surprisingly similar. The posts are listed on the left, with links on the upper right to general campaign things. John McCain tries to mix it up by having his general links on the light hand side.

But I was more interested in the moderation that goes on of the comments. A (quick) look at the candidates blogs, I could find no mention of whether any moderation goes on. I then quickly scanned through the comments of the top post of each candidate (located here, here, and here for Obama, Clinton, and McCain respectively). At the time that I looked, the closest to a negative comment for Obama was something about not always agreeing, but voting for him anyway. Clinton had no negative comments that I could find, and McCain... well, the blog post I looked at was about his bracket picks, however someone did post about the fact that they liked Obama, but McCain was better.

We talked in class about how people in the world often appreciate negative comments, as they convey a sense of neutrality. First though, would we ever expect a politician's blog to be neutral? Secondly, if we expect implicit bias, would it bother us if the candidate just came out and explicitly said that they were censoring comments?

I wouldn't expect that any candidate would leave negative comments up on her blog. But if she did, perhaps it would bring a bit of the Web "openness" to politics.

Is blogging about blogging cliche?

Apparently, we are not the first ones to come up with the idea of a blog about blogging. Far from it. I was able to find no less than six other blogs about blogging, but there may be more. Of the six, five were titled “Blog on Blogs” (sounds familiar, doesn’t it?) and one was titled “Metablog.” One of them even appears to be written by a student as part of a class project. Incidentally, the student used the same background and text settings that we are using. Notably, not a single one of the six is still active. Apparently, the life span for blogs about blogging is not particularly long. If you want to see the other blogs on blogging, click on the links below:

http://www.vupio.com/blogonblogs/index.html

http://greenwebs.blogspot.com/

http://community.livejournal.com/metablog/

http://abobs.blogspot.com/

http://blogonblogss.blogspot.com/

http://ablogonblogs.blogspot.com/

Web (makes less of a) difference?

In an op-ed in the New York Times by Thomas Friedman from this past October: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/10/opinion/10friedman.html?_r=1&oref=slogin ,
he writes:
"But Generation Q may be too quiet, too online, for its own good, and for the country’s own good...America needs a jolt of the idealism, activism and outrage (it must be in there) of Generation Q. That’s what twentysomethings are for — to light a fire under the country. But they can’t e-mail it in, and an online petition or a mouse click for carbon neutrality won’t cut it. They have to get organized in a way that will force politicians to pay attention rather than just patronize them."
Though Friedman doesn't directly addressing blogging (he has his own blog by the way), is the principle the same? Are discussions "too online"? Or are blogs the future of getting "organized"? Do bloggers have a false sense of impact? Is blogging supplanting other forms of getting organized?

Fighting in the Blogosphere: A Major Web Difference

Flaming: The phenomenon of progressively crazier, angrier, and scarier statements in the comments section of websites. You can find it in blogs on sports, politics, law; and I’m pretty sure it exists on blogs about cute little kittens. Flaming is so pervasive—the phenomenon can be seen on just about every blog without the phrase “comments turned off”—that it is hard to believe it is subject specific. Rather, it is the very nature of commenting on blogs that enables the vitriol. There are a number of reasons that blog commenting helps people connect with their inner-name-caller. First and foremost, people can comment anonymously, which diminishes the fear of retribution. Questioning the virtue of someone’s mom to their face might lead to immense physical pain. The consequence of doing so in a blog comment is…an angry rebuttal that might be more harshly worded, but cannot break any bones.
The anonymity of the blogosphere, or at least the perception of anonymity, feeds flaiming in another way: it dehumanizes the other commenters. When you are engaged in a heated debate with some one in person, you can see them. You see their face, their body, their humanity. Thus, even if you might disagree with their ideas, your anger is tempered by your shared humanity. Blog debates lack this human touch. Anyone who posts something contrary to your position, is only vicious, only moronic, only wrong. They do not feel human. Consequently, many blog posters have less motivation to treat their opponents civilly.
So anonymity makes it easier to be vicious on the blogosphere. But there is another factor at play as well. Every negative comment is responded to with an angrier comment, and the viscous spiral continues downward until some truly repulsive comments are made. The blogosphere enables this degradation of rhetoric because commenters are often responding to each other in real time, with no time to calm down, no time to breath.
Now, often the angry words of flamers often have no immediate consequence. The combatants often don’t know anything about each other, a fact which makes it difficult for people to take their conflict from the web world to the real world. But they are still harmful. They allow people who harbor hateful thoughts to learn that they have allies; they encourage people to think vicious thoughts about opposing viewpoints, rather than learn from them; they essentially cheapen discourse.
Is there a solution? Many websites have taken to monitoring their comments sections and screening out the most heinous posts. As long as only the most despicable comments are censored, then monitoring by individual websites might be helpful. But I believe we should avoid governmental monitoring. For as detrimental as flaming maybe, a government driven overcorrection could impair our most vital freedom: speech.

Highlights from the NOI Blogger Summit

While poking around the Blue Mass Group blog (one of the nominees listed in the Boston's Best Blog post), I came across a series of notes from the New Organizing Institute's Blogger Summit in DC. Some highlights:

1. The discussion of ways to increase blog traffic produced some interesting suggestions, including shout-outs to reporters and journalists (shameless, but effective) as well as weekly and/or monthly e-mails that include (wait for it) shout-outs to reporters and journalists. Participants also suggested op-eds, radio appearances, and (my favorite) following people around in costumes.

2. One of the speakers identified Red Lasso as a revolutionary tool for bloggers. The service allows users to search recent media content from over 100 media outlets. The note-taker characterized it as a "ginormous Tivo" that was superior to YouTube in certain respects because all clips are synched to searchable transcripts and can be cut to a desired point or length.

Application of Traditional Legal Analysis to Blogs May Indicate No Web Difference

In 2005 the FEC considered whether a Blog qualified for the press exception to the U.S. Federal Campaign Contribution laws.  In its advisory opinion 2005-16, the FEC applied a two-step analysis (from 1981) to determine whether the press exception applies:

"First, the Commission asks whether the entity engaging in the activity is a press entity as described by the Act and Commission regulations. See, e.g., Advisory Opinions 2004-07, 2003-34, 2000-13, 1998-17, 1996-48, 1996-41, and 1996-16. Second, in determining the scope of the exception, the Commission considers: (1) whether the press entity is owned or controlled by a political party, political committee, or candidate; and (2) whether the press entity is acting as a press entity in conducting the activity at issue (i.e., whether the entity is acting in its “legitimate press function”). See Reader's Digest Association v. FEC, 509 F. Supp. 1210, 1215 (S.D.N.Y. 1981); FEC v. Phillips Publishing, 517 F. Supp. 1308, 1312-1313 (D.D.C. 1981); Advisory Opinions 2004-07, 2000-13, 1996-48, and 1982-44. Two considerations in applying this analysis include whether the entity’s materials are available to the general public and are comparable in form to those ordinarily issued by the entity. See Federal Election Commission v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life, 479 U.S. 238, 251 (1986); Advisory Opinion 2000-13 (concluding that a website covered by the press exception was “viewable by the general public and akin to a periodical or news program distributed to the general public.”) "

Nothing about this analysis implies that the FEC considered applying a new legal analysis to the web.  Even if they did consider it, the fact remains they ended up using the same legal standard that was used in 1981.  This, in my opinion, was probably the right decision and was a triumph for consistency.  However, it may have broader implications.  It may indicate that (to the law) blogs are not drastically or fundamentally different than press outlets of the past but rather are merely the newest way we have found to share information with each other and thus, may be governed by the laws that regulated how we shared information with each other in the past.  Should the laws of the past govern the communications of tomorrow?  

Boston's Best

The Boston Phoenix is hosting a vote to determine Boston's Best Blog. Check out the nominees:

Universal Hub
Blue Mass Group
Allston-Brighton Community Blog
Jon Keller
Dan Kennedy

There's also a space for write-in votes. Be sure to vote for the Blog on Blogs!

Are Blogs Political?

Yes, I know that blogs can be used for political purposes.  Some blogs even proclaim an allegiance to a particular political party.  (See, listing of political blogs).  But the questions I wish to pose are slightly different.  That is, 1) is there something about the nature of blogging that is inherently political?  And 2) If so, are they inherently Democratic?  Republican?  Etc....?

My first inclination is that the answer to this question is, "No."  I have always thought that the blog is exactly the type of communication that is free from the political, and commercial, pressures of mainstream media.  It is an outlet that allows anyone to create, read, and participate in, a conversation regardless of political affiliation.  My second inclination is, that if the answer to the first question is "yes," then the answer to the second question would be that they are inherently liberal (loosely, "Democratic").  

A Harris poll may indicate that both of my inclinations are incorrect.  It suggests that the respective answers may be, "yes," and, "Republican." 

The poll states that 25% of Democrats state that they are likely to find value in the information that they read in blogs, compared with 41% of Republicans.  Furthermore, only 21% of Democrats state that the information in blogs is likely to be accurate, compared to 37% of Republicans.

Figures such as these, I admit, do not necessarily prove the answers are, "yes" and, "Republican."  They do, however, give us a starting point from which we can begin to debate, ponder, probe, argue, and discuss.  Would statistics such as these hold true with regard to traditional media?  Are republicans generally more trusting of media or is there a (web) difference between blogging and traditional forms of media?

"Terrorists Evolve. Threats Evolve. Security Must Stay Ahead. You Play A Part."

I decided to type "Blog" into a Google News search to see what came up and the first thing that did was an article from the Mercury News on how the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is now accepting complaints via their blog. (See http://www.mercurynews.com/travel/ci_8521994 for the original article).

The blog, entitled Evolution of Security, lets the TSA share information on security and safety with the general public and lets the public respond to the articles or with any complaints they might have. What I found the most interesting was the Delete-O-Meter located prominently on the right hand side which tracked the number of user comments that had been deleted (125 when I was on the blog). In the explanation of this feature, the TSA notes that it wants to be transparent - and then goes on to explain what will get a comment deleted.

We talked in class about how transparency leads to greater acceptance on the Web. It seems that the TSA has embraced this philosophy (I can imagine a poster, being angry at finding his comment deleted for no stated reason, spamming the TSA wall and railing against them in other forums....). I posted a while back that the link to the YouTube video below my post seemed to be broken. A classmate of mine pointed out that the video is once again accessible. I thought about changing my post to reflect this.... I may go back and strike through it, but other than that, I don't feel a need to edit it out. All of this goes back to the issue of transparency on the Web. Because it is so easy to change things, people may feel a blog that is constantly edited loses some of the informality that makes a blog great.

It seems to me that the TSA has recognized the need to keep their blog informal if it wants it to be relevant. However, it also recognized the need for moderation of the content. The solution - a Delete-O-Meter!

Blogs Serve as News Source

While Armenia has refused to publish news from media outlets which do not emanate from the government, they have failed to block blogs. So many individuals both inside and outside of Armenia are using blogs to report the news and provide links to different articles and other perspectives on world events. Blogs really do provide an opportunity for more open information, particularly in countries where there is limited freedom of press.

http://www.profy.com/2008/03/09/armenian-blogs-supply-news/

Cartoon About Blogs

This was published in the New Yorker - I thought it was very appropriate....

http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/blogspotting/archives/2005/09/post_5.html

Blogs Help Depression

To me, it has always seemed intuitive that writing a blog can be therapeutic, and a diary of sorts. I guess now that science is starting to officially recognize the benefits of blogging, parents and teachers may begin to encourage these benefits, instead of insisting that blogging is a waste of time.

http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2008/s2181010.htm

Ethics on Blogs

With the MPRE looming, I can't help but pause a minute to think about the ethical implications of blogging. The question unavoidably overlaps with questions of identity and speech on the Web, but at its heart, it's a question of human interaction. There's a saying: if you don't have anything nice to say, say it on a blog. Ok, so maybe I just made that up, but it seems apropos. Blogs can serve as legitimate and beneficial forums for critical commentary - imagine what Sinclair Lewis could have done with a blog - but they can undoubtedly go too far as well. Take the story of advertising executive Paul Tilley, for example. Tilley committed suicide just days after coming under fire on an anonymous industry blog. The harshest criticism was apparently in the comments, which adds an extra layer of complexity. Even if we were to restrict the content on blogs, would we then also restrict the comments? It's a pretty dangerous path to go down. Friends and family claim Tilley's suicide and the blog coverage are unrelated, but many disagree. One commentator in the Times offered this chilling indictment: "Are there ethics in blogs? Should people have the right to publicly and anonymously criticize and attack the private lives of private people simply for entertainment?" It seems safe to say that the tone of the question assumes a certain answer. Nonetheless, it's important for those of us who believe blogs are beneficial to social welfare to remember that they can have harmful consequences.

No More Blogging on Air Force Networks

The US Air Force has banned all URLs with the word "blog" in it.
Maybe they should add this tidbit of info in their recruiting ads...

http://blog.wired.com/defense/2008/02/air-force-banni.html

I think it's interesting that Blogs have become such a central focus point for an institution like the Air Force - kind of surprising to me. It seems that their justification for blocking access to blogs is that they are not media outlets, and should not be read at work. I thought this related well to our class conversations regarding how the Web has changed our notion of what constitutes knowledge. It seems that the Air Force is a bit stuck in the past and hasn't yet embraced the Wikipedia-esque notion of knowledge.

YouTube and Blogging

I am sad to see that the YouTube video posted on this blog is no longer available. But I thought that would be a good segue into YouTube and blogging in general.

Traditionally (is that even possible in such a short time?) like most things on the early web, blogs consisted of text - an online written diary. Today, with fast internet connections, cheap webcams, YouTube, and free video software, the blog has morphed. Video blogs, or vlogs (everything on the Internet seems to get abbreviated?) are now everywhere. YouTube even blogs about itself in a video blog (see www.youtube.com/blog).

Most people know the story of lonelygirl15 (I won't recap it here - look it up on wikipedia!). After video blogging on YouTube for a while, lonleygirl15 was outed as a produced, fictitious character. Did this matter to her fans? Many blogs today are based on fictitious identities. But many people were upset (see http://tinyurl.com/2x5r5w). Does the fact that the blog is in video form make us more upset that we were cheated than a written blog would? Do we feel more connected to a video than to plain text on the screen?

In our class, we have been discussing whether the nature of the Internet has changed how we perceive our relationships with respect to our former purely "real world" relationships. I think the reaction to lonleygir15's bogus identity shows that even within the Internet, relationships have different meanings based on the medium.

But I am wandering away from the topic of blogging.... Bloggers create online identities for themselves, and the medium that they use to convey that personality has a significant impact on how they are perceived in the "real world." Video blogging has just added to the Internet a new layer of personality.

Blogs in Plain English

Since it seems logical to follow one Web point of reference with another, here is another version of the history of the blog, as told by a couple of veteran Youtubers.

Start things off: History of blogs according to wiki

Where else to start but the ever-increasing point of first reference?  

Interesting historical points from the wiki-entry on blogs:

1. Blogs were around before some people in this class were born.  The first "blog" was created in 1983.  Created by Brian E. Redman, mod.ber frequently posted summaries of interesting postings and threads taking place elsewhere on the net
2. The modern blog evolved from the online diary, this happened around 1994
3. The term "weblog" was coined in 1998
4. "Blog" in 1999
5. Livejournal made blogging mainstream for the high school demographic in 1999
6. The corporate world officially decided to take blogging seriously when Google bought Blogger (the host of this blog) in 2003.
7. In 2007, Tim O'Reilly proposed a Blogger's Code of Conduct

Hopefully this timeline can serve as a frame of reference for our future discussions.